【貝淡寧 汪沛】一包養賢能政治及其改進

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Sales and Politics and Improvements

Author: Bethaning (Dean and Professor of the School of Political Science and Public Governance in Shandong), Wang Pei (Assistant Research Officer of the China Research Institute of Sodan University)

Source: “Central Socialism Journal” Issue 1, 2021

Abstract: For the national high-level reversal and impactful problems, facing the environment of changing speed and unpredictable speed, Politics is more convincing. The Han Dynasty laid the foundation for Chinese politics with the interoperability of Confucianism and Law. Regardless of whether it is the surveillance, the ninth rank of Zhongzheng, and the scientific and technological community, they are all realities of rigidity, and select talent from the head to strengthen the vitality of politics. Contemporary China has experienced a solid political transformation and has gained widespread recognition in rebuilding the political system. But the sacrificial system will also bring fierce competition. We need Confucianism to combine with the openness of the people, the public line of Mao Zedong’s thinking and the Taoist doubts, and to fully determine the social value of the “non-political inclusive funding” career method.

In a small political cooperation group composed of a national group that trusts and is clear to each other, if a flexible position exchange can be achieved and rigid power relations can be broken, then this level of ability is fair long-term maintenance. For example, in modern Athens, thousands of adult male citizens were appointed as rulers through regular wheel transfers and draws. The administrative department negotiated and voted on policies at frequent meetings. The appraisal group of the National Court was selected by draws, all of which were intended to bring a solid group between the people. Although the entire scrambled tree stands at an unjust level (slaves and women bear the needs of social movements in the ministry), the level among these male adults is fair.

But in a large-scale political cooperation that mainly resides in strangers, most people will not have the opportunity to rule, and any simulation of Athenian-style civilians will cause confusion. Imagine that if the 1.4 billion Chinese citizens were in charge of politics through wheel replacement and wheel withdrawal, this most basic thing would not be done. The most influential replacement plan is the proxy: to implement the public with voting in an unrestrained and fair scheduled election. Although most people do not have the chance to become rulers, they have the same chance to choose their rulers at most every few years. Social science has some grief discussions on the study of selective sensibility, including american president Donald Trump and Türkiye president ReceThe choice of authoritative incitement leaders such as Tayyip Erdogan and Hungarian President Victor Orban have both doubts about the “actual” choice of civilian morality in compliance with legality and long-term preservation.

However, let us put these arguments first and focus on whether “paying the money” can be fair in a large political cooperation group that does not apply to regular political parties (such as China).

1. The more the weight of the political cooperation system, the more effective considerations will be towards the concentrated rule in the hands of a few people. According to the study by historian Niall Fergushort-term maintenanceson: “The collective power in the hands of the ‘major’ has been eliminated, or at most reduced, the discussion is extremely time-consuming, and these issues can be upgraded to the trenchment of self-destruction at any time.”[1] “The greater the political unit, the more power is naturally concentrated in the hands of fewer people.”[2] China’s history proves this explanation. In the war, the Qin State was the most useful in concentrating its power and promoting the construction of cool and efficient military system. After many years of war, Qin finally consolidated the country, and Qin Shihuang was the first person in China to call himself the “Son of Emperor”.

But we must reflect: Where is the meaning of seeking effectiveness politically? Private companies put their performance first because perseverance is needed for the same profit-seeking competitors; but the agency needs moral tasks more, and as long as it helps to achieve this mission, the effectiveness is fair. The Qin Dynasty died in the second generation precisely because it ignored the country’s moral responsibilities. According to the Legalist thinking, Qin Shihuang’s goal was to use his unruly and useful skills to increase national power: he established the world’s first reckless authority, consolidated Chinese characters, established advanced paths and communication systems, but he still loaded into the history with the elements of a cool solo artist.

The Han Dynasty found a standardized solution plan that has lasted for nearly two thousand years. In fact, the Han Dynasty was still well-known for its application of harsh officials, and the “Han Book” even included “Han Jieqiu”. But Emperor Hanwu adopted Confucian political thinking – a philosophy that aims to promote the benefit of tyranny by urging the people to benefit the people, as a form of politicism. Despite Emperor Wu’s failure to give up the serious legal laws that applied to the Legalist style – 5 out of 14 prime ministers during his fifty years were ruled, but it did not prevent him from using Confucianism as a rule of law, laying the foundation for the entire modern political history of China in the future.

But the political inheritance of the Legalists is not so obvious, because the Legalists have basically dissipated from official languages ​​in the past two thousand years from the Han Dynasty to Mao Zedong during the “Cultural Revolution”Before recruiting the Legalists, there was no one who publicly advocated the Legalists. However, Legalists’ thinking has never withdrawn and has always been used to improve the country’s administrative ability to ensure administrative effectiveness. Regardless of the official remarks, the political system often selects officials who are called vocational based on the standards of the Legalists, that is, selects officials with strong and powerless styles. But the Legalists do not care whether they can be justified or polite. Confucianism has absolutely requested thisinvestigation. Its political goal is to convince the emperor that “the whole country is public.” Confucianism advocates the choice of interests and ability, implements tyranny that benefits the people and protects common people from the harm of harsh policies. China’s claim to the politics of valuation and ability one by one has captured Confucianism’s fantasy of officials: it has both talent and usefulness to deal with problems, and has the ambition of “the whole country is public”.

No matter how tight Confucianism and Legalism are, we can call the “Legalist Confucian” political management idea, which has affected Chinese politics for more than two thousand years. [3] What is even more amazing is that it has also launched China’s political transformation for nearly 40 years. Eastern media often say that China has carried out material economic transformations, but not political transformations. This observation is impenetrable. Because Oriental people choose the highest level as a unique standard for political transformation, it is difficult to ignore the whole picture by looking at this point. We can see that China’s political system has undergone a solid transformation over the past few decades, especially in (reconstructing) the financial system. After the “Cultural Revolution” movement, China selected high-level officials through the system of selecting and abilities, and leaders could regain and replace new data, financial and political traditions, such as through examinations or based on performance evaluations of lower-level agencies. From the perspective of emotion rather than content, it is precisely the almost similar choice system that shapes China’s modern political system. Since then, the politics of the vocational government has inspired higher levels of political transformation, and has more emphasis on the teaching level, examination level and basic political experience of officials. Although there will always be a gap between fantasy and reality, the most basic force of China’s political transformation is still the fantasy of choice and ability.

After staying in the laboratory for a few days and being dragged to this environment, Ye also took advantage of the rest of the concept of energy politics to be the most convincing for the high-level political cooperation of a large-scale political cooperation, because it is much more difficult to govern a country like China, a country with a large population than to manage a country with a relatively small size. Francis Fukuyama believes that Denmark is the closest country to the real unrestrained government. [4] But Denmark isA relatively similar and rich country with 5.7 million lives, and the surrounding countr